Alle Länder der Welt Civil war has been the norm in Angola since independence from Portugal in 1975. A 1994
peace accord between the government and the National Union for the Total Independence of
Angola (UNITA) provided for the integration of former UNITA insurgents into the government
and armed forces. A national unity government was installed in April of 1997, but serious
fighting resumed in late 1998, rendering hundreds of thousands of people homeless. Up to
1.5 million lives may have been lost in fighting over the past quarter century. The death
of insurgent leader Jonas SAVIMBI in 2002 and a subsequent cease-fire with UNITA may bode
well for the country.
Geographie : Angola
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Location:
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Southern Africa, bordering the South
Atlantic Ocean, between Namibia and Democratic Republic of the Congo |
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Geographic coordinates:
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12 30 S, 18 30 E |
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Karte references:
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Africa |
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Area:
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total: 1,246,700 sq km
water: 0 sq km
land: 1,246,700 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly less than twice the size of Texas |
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Land boundaries:
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total: 5,198 km
border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,511 km (of which 225 km is the
boundary of discontiguous Cabinda Province), Republic of the Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376
km, Sambia 1,110 km |
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Coastline:
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1,600 km |
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 NM
contiguous zone: 24 NM
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM |
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Climate:
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semiarid in south and along coast to
Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to
April) |
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Terrain:
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narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast
interior plateau |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Morro de Moco 2,620 m |
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Natural resources:
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petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates,
copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium |
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Land use:
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arable land: 2.41%
permanent crops: 0.4%
other: 97.19% (1998 est.) |
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Irrigated land:
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750 sq km (1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards:
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locally heavy rainfall causes periodic
flooding on the plateau |
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Environment - current issues:
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overuse of pastures and subsequent soil
erosion attributable to population pressures; desertification; deforestation of tropical
rain forest, in response to both international demand for tropical timber and to domestic
use as fuel, resulting in loss of biodiversity; soil erosion contributing to water
pollution and siltation of rivers and dams; inadequate supplies of potable water |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
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Geography - note:
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the province of Cabinda is an exclave,
separated from the rest of the country by the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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More Geography
Bevölkerung : Angola
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Population:
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10,978,552 (July 2004 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 43.5% (male 2,410,326;
female 2,363,368)
15-64 years: 53.7% (male 2,998,892; female 2,897,837)
65 years and over: 2.8% (male 137,340; female 170,789) (2004 est.) |
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Median age:
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total: 18.1 years
male: 18.1 years
female: 18.1 years (2004 est.) |
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Population growth rate:
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1.93% (2004 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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45.14 births/1,000 |
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Death rate:
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25.86 deaths/1,000 |
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Net migration rate:
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0 migrant(s)/1,000 |
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 192.5 deaths/1,000 live
births
female: 179.41 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
male: 204.97 deaths/1,000 live births |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 36.79 years
male: 36.06 years
female: 37.55 years (2004 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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6.33 children born/woman (2004 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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5.5% (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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350,000 (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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24,000 (2001 est.) |
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Nationality:
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noun: Angolan(s)
adjective: Angolan |
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Ethnic groups:
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Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%,
mestico (mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22% |
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Religions:
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indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%,
Protestant 15% (1998 est.) |
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Languages:
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Portuguese (official), Bantu and other
African languages |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read
and write
total population: 42%
male: 56%
female: 28% (1998 est.)
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Regierung
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of
Angola
conventional short form: Angola
local short form: Angola
former: People's Republic of Angola
local long form: Republica de Angola |
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Government type:
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republic, nominally a multiparty democracy
with a strong presidential system |
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Capital:
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Luanda |
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Administrative divisions:
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18 provinces (provincias, singular -
provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul,
Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige,
Zaire |
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Independence:
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11 November 1975 (from Portugal ) |
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 11 November (1975) |
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Constitution:
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11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978,
11 August 1980, 6 March 1991, and 26 August 1992; note - new constitution has not yet been
approved |
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Legal system:
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based on Portuguese civil law system and
customary law; recently modified to accommodate political pluralism and increased use of
free markets |
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal |
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Jose
Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21 September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state
and head of government
head of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21 September 1979);
note - the president is both chief of state and head of government; Fernando de Piedade
Dias DOS SANTOS was appointed Prime Minister on 6 December 2002, but this is not a
position of real power
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by universal ballot for a NA-year term; President DOS
SANTOS originally elected (in 1979) without opposition under a one-party system and stood
for reelection in Angola 's first multiparty elections 29-30 September 1992 (next to be
held NA)
election results: DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI 40.1%, making a run-off election
necessary; the run-off was not held and SAVIMBI's National Union for the Total
Independence of Angola (UNITA) repudiated the results of the first election; the civil war
resumed |
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia
Nacional (220 seats; members elected by proportional vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 29-30 September 1992 (next to be held NA)
election results: percent of vote by party - MPLA 54%, UNITA 34%, others 12%; seats
by party - MPLA 129, UNITA 70, PRS 6, FNLA 5, PLD 3, others 7 |
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court or Tribunal da Relacao
(judges are appointed by the president) |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Analia de
Victoria PEREIRA]; National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA [disputed
leadership: Lucas NGONDA, Holden ROBERTO]; National Union for the Total Independence of
Angola or UNITA [Isaias SAMAKUVA], largest opposition party has engaged in years of armed
resistance; Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA [Jose Eduardo DOS
SANTOS], ruling party in power since 1975; Social Renewal Party or PRS [disputed
leadership: Eduardo KUANGANA, Antonio MUACHICUNGO]
note: about a dozen minor parties participated in the 1992 elections but only won a
few seats and have little influence in the National Assembly |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of
Cabinda or FLEC [N'zita Henriques TIAGO; Antonio Bento BEMBE]
note: FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armed struggle for the
independence of Cabinda Province |
Economy
Angola has been an economy in disarray because of a quarter century of nearly
continuous warfare. An apparently durable peace was established after the death of rebel
leader Jonas SAVIMBI on February 22, 2002, but consequences from the conflict continue
including the impact of wide-spread land mines. Subsistence agriculture provides the
main livelihood for 85% of the population. Oil production and the supporting activities
are vital to the economy, contributing about 45% to GDP and more than half of exports.
Much of the country's food must still be imported. To fully take advantage of its rich
natural resources - gold, diamonds, extensive forests, Atlantic fisheries, and large oil
deposits - Angola will need to continue reforming government policies and to reduce
corruption. While Angola made progress in bringing inflation down further, from 325% in
2000 to about 106% in 2002, the government has failed to make sufficient progress on
reforms recommended by the IMF such as increasing foreign exchange reserves and
promoting greater transparency in government spending. Increased oil production
supported 7% GDP growth in 2003.
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GDP:
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purchasing power parity - $20.59 billion
(2003 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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7.14% (2003 est.) |
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2003
est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 8%
industry: 67%
services: 25% (2001 est.) |
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Population below poverty line:
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70% (2003 est.) |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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106% (2002 est.) |
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Labor force:
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6.23 million (2001 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture 85%, industry and services 15%
(2003 est.) |
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Unemployment rate:
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extensive unemployment and underemployment
affecting more than half the population (2003 est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $928 million
expenditures: $2.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $963 million (1992
est.) |
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Industries:
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petroleum; diamonds, iron ore, phosphates,
feldspar, bauxite, uranium, and gold; cement; basic metal products; fish processing; food
processing; brewing; tobacco products; sugar; textiles |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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1% (2000) |
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Electricity - production:
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1.45 billion kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 36.4%
hydro: 63.6%
other: 0% (2001)
nuclear: 0% |
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Electricity - consumption:
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1.348 billion kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2001) |
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Oil - production:
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742,400 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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31,000 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - proved reserves:
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5.691 billion bbl (1 January 2002) |
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Natural gas - production:
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530 million cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption:
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530 million cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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79.57 billion cu m (1 January 2002) |
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Agriculture - products:
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bananas, sugarcane, coffee, sisal, corn,
cotton, manioc (tapioca), tobacco, vegetables, plantains; livestock; forest products; fish |
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Exports:
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$9.669 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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crude oil, diamonds, refined petroleum
products, gas, coffee, sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cotton |
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Exports - partners:
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US 41%, China 13.6%, Frankreich 7.9%, Taiwan
7.5%, Belgien 6.2%, Japan 4.9%, Spanien 4.3% (2002) |
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Imports:
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$4.08 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery and electrical equipment,
vehicles and spare parts; medicines, food, textiles, military goods |
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Imports - partners:
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Portugal 19.2%, SüdcAfrika 14.7%, US
13.2%, Brasilien 7.1%, Frankreich 6.4%, Belgien 5% (2002) |
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Debt - external:
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$9.2 billion (2003 est.) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
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$383.5 million (1999) |
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Currency:
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kwanza (AOA) |
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Currency code:
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AOA |
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Exchange rates:
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kwanza per US dollar - 74.61 (2003), 43.53
(2002), 22.06 (2001), 10.04 (2000), 2.79 (1999), 0.39 (1998); note - in December 1999 the
kwanza was revalued with six zeroes dropped off the old value |
SOURCES: The CIA World Factbook, U.S. Department of State, Area Handbook of the US Library of Congress
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