Alle Länder der Welt Following a five-year struggle, Communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh in April
1975 and ordered the evacuation of all cities and towns; over 1.5 million displaced people
died from execution, enforced hardships, or starvation. A 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove
the Khmer Rouge into the countryside and touched off almost 13 years of civil war. The
1991 Paris Peace Accords mandated democratic elections and a ceasefire, which was not
fully respected by the Khmer Rouge. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some
semblance of normalcy and the final elements of the Khmer Rouge surrendered in early 1999.
Factional fighting in 1997 ended the first coalition government, but a second round of
national elections in 1998 led to the formation of another coalition government and
renewed political stability. The July 2003 elections were relatively peaceful, but
negotiations among contending political parties have yet to yield a new coalition
government.
Geographie : Kambodscha
|
Location:
|
Southeastern Asia,
bordering the Gulf of Thailand , between Thailand , Vietnam , and Laos |
|
Geographic coordinates:
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13 00 N, 105 00 E |
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Area:
|
total: 181,040 sq km
land: 176,520 sq km
water: 4,520 sq km |
|
Area - comparative:
|
slightly smaller than
Oklahoma |
|
Land boundaries:
|
total: 2,572 km
border countries: Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km |
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Coastline:
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443 km |
|
Maritime claims:
|
contiguous zone: 24
NM
territorial sea: 12 NM
continental shelf: 200 NM
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM |
|
Climate:
|
tropical; rainy, monsoon
season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little
seasonal temperature variation |
|
Terrain:
|
mostly low, flat plains;
mountains in southwest and north |
|
Elevation extremes:
|
lowest point: Gulf
of Thailand 0 m
highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m |
|
Natural resources:
|
timber, gemstones, some
iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential |
|
Land use:
|
arable land: 20.96%
permanent crops: 0.61%
other: 78.43% (1998 est.) |
|
Irrigated land:
|
2,700 sq km (1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards:
|
monsoonal rains (June to
November); flooding; occasional droughts |
|
Environment - current issues:
|
illegal logging activities
throughout the country and strip mining for gems in the western region
along the border with Thailand have resulted in habitat loss and
declining biodiversity (in particular, destruction of mangrove swamps
threatens natural fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, a majority
of the population does not have access to potable water; toxic waste
delivery from Taiwan sparked unrest in Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville) in
December 1998 |
|
Environment - international agreements:
|
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping |
|
Geography - note:
|
a land of paddies and
forests dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap
|
More Geography
Bevölkerung : Kambodscha
|
Population:
|
13,363,421
note: estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality
due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death
rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age
and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2004 est.) |
|
Age structure:
|
0-14 years: 38.3% (male 2,583,606;
female 2,534,460)
15-64 years: 58.6% (male 3,742,178; female 4,095,303)
65 years and over: 3.1% (male 149,466; female 258,408) (2004 est.) |
|
Median age:
|
total: 19.5 years
male: 18.8 years
female: 20.4 years (2004 est.) |
|
Population growth rate:
|
1.8% (2004 est.) |
|
Birth rate:
|
27.13 births/1,000 |
|
Death rate:
|
9.1 deaths/1,000 |
|
Net migration rate:
|
0 migrant(s)/1,000 |
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
total: 73.67 deaths/1,000 live
births
female: 64.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
male: 82.51 deaths/1,000 live births |
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
total population: 58.41 years
male: 55.71 years
female: 61.23 years (2004 est.) |
|
Total fertility rate:
|
3.51 children born/woman (2004 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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2.7% (2001 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|
170,000 (2001 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|
12,000 (2001 est.) |
|
Nationality:
|
noun: Cambodian(s)
adjective: Cambodian |
|
Ethnic groups:
|
Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other
4% |
|
Religions:
|
Theravada Buddhist 95%, other 5% |
|
Languages:
|
Khmer (official) 95%, French, English |
|
Literacy:
|
definition: age 15 and over can read
and write
total population: 69.9%
male: 80.5%
female: 60.3% (2003 est.)
|
Regierung
|
Country name:
|
conventional long form: Kingdom of
Cambodia
conventional short form: Kambodscha
local short form: Kampuchea
local long form: Preahreacheanacha Kampuchea (phonetic pronunciation)
former: Kingdom of Kambodscha , Khmer Republic, Democratic Kampuchea, People's
Republic of Kampuchea, State of Kambodscha |
|
Government type:
|
multiparty democracy under a constitutional
monarchy established in September 1993 |
|
Capital:
|
Phnom Penh |
|
Administrative divisions:
|
20 provinces (khaitt, singular and plural)
and 4 municipalities* (krong, singular and plural); Banteay Mean Chey, Batdambang, Kampong
Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Koh Kong, Keb*,
Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, Otdar Mean Chey, Pailin*, Phnom Penh*, Pouthisat, Preah Sihanouk
(formerly Kompong Som)*, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanakir, Siem Reab, Stoeng Treng, Svay
Rieng, Takao |
|
Independence:
|
9 November 1953 (from Frankreich ) |
|
National holiday:
|
Independence Day, 9 November (1953) |
|
Constitution:
|
promulgated 21 September 1993 |
|
Legal system:
|
primarily a civil law mixture of
French-influenced codes from the United Nations Transitional Authority in Kambodscha (UNTAC)
period, royal decrees, and acts of the legislature, with influences of customary law and
remnants of communist legal theory; increasing influence of common law in recent years |
|
Suffrage:
|
18 years of age; universal |
|
Executive branch:
|
chief of state: King NORODOM
Sihanouk (reinstated 24 September 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister HUN Sen (since 30 November 1998) and Deputy
Prime Ministers SAR Kheng (since 1993) and TOL Lah (since 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers in theory appointed by the monarch; in practice named
by the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council; following
legislative elections, a member of the majority party or majority coalition is named prime
minister by the Chairman of the National Assembly and appointed by the king |
|
Legislative branch:
|
bicameral consists of the National Assembly
(123 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Senate (61
seats; two members appointed by the monarch, two elected by the National Assembly, and 57
elected by "functional constituencies"; members serve five-year terms)
elections: National Assembly - last held 27 July 2003 (next to be held in July
2008); Senate - last held 2 March 1999 (scheduled to be held in 2004 but delayed)
election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CPP 47%, SRP 22%,
FUNCINPEC 21%, other 10%; seats by party - CPP 73, FUNCINPEC 26, SRP 24; Senate - percent
of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - CPP 31, FUNCINPEC 21, SRP 7, other 2 (July 2003) |
|
Judicial branch:
|
Supreme Council of the Magistracy (provided
for in the constitution and formed in December 1997); Supreme Court (and lower courts)
exercises judicial authority |
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
Cambodian Pracheachon Party (Cambodian
People's Party) or CPP [CHEA Sim]; National United Front for an Independent, Neutral,
Peaceful, and Cooperative Kambodscha or FUNCINPEC [Prince NORODOM Ranariddh]; Sam Rangsi
Party or SRP [SAM Rangsi] |
Economy
Kambodscha 's economy slowed dramatically in 1997-1998 due to the regional economic
crisis, civil violence, and political infighting. Foreign investment and tourism fell
off. In 1999, the first full year of peace in 30 years, progress was made on economic
reforms. Growth resumed and has remained about 5.0% during 2000-2003. Tourism was
Kambodscha 's fastest growing industry, with arrivals up 34% in 2000 and up another 40% in
2001 before the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the US. Kambodscha expects 1
million foreign tourists in 2004. Economic growth has been largely driven by expansion
in the clothing sector and tourism. Clothing exports were fostered by the U.S.-Cambodian
Bilateral Textile Agreement signed in 1999. Even given Kambodscha 's recent growth, the
long-term development of the economy after decades of war remains a daunting challenge.
The population lacks education and productive skills, particularly in the poverty-ridden
countryside, which suffers from an almost total lack of basic infrastructure. Fear of
renewed political instability and a dysfunctional legal system coupled with government
corruption discourage foreign investment. The Cambodian government continues to work
with bilateral and multilateral donors to address the country's many pressing needs. The
major economic challenge for Kambodscha over the next decade will be fashioning an
economic environment in which the private sector can create enough jobs to handle
Kambodscha 's demographic imbalance. About 60% of the population is 20 years or younger;
most of these citizens will seek to enter the workforce over the course of the next 10
years.
|
GDP:
|
purchasing power parity - $22.76 billion
(2003 est.) |
|
GDP - real growth rate:
|
5.5% (2003 est.) |
|
GDP - per capita:
|
purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2003
est.) |
|
GDP - composition by sector:
|
agriculture: 30%
industry: 40%
services: 30% (2003 est.) |
|
Population below poverty line:
|
36% (1997 est.) |
|
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
|
lowest 10%: 2.9%
highest 10%: 33.8% (1997) |
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|
40.4 (1997) |
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
3% (2003 est.) |
|
Labor force:
|
7 million (2003 est.) |
|
Labor force - by occupation:
|
agriculture 75% (2003 est.) |
|
Unemployment rate:
|
2.5% (2000 est.) |
|
Budget:
|
revenues: $438 million
expenditures: $630, including capital expenditures of $291 million of which 75% was
financed by external assistance (2002 est.) |
|
Industries:
|
tourism, garments, rice milling, fishing,
wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles |
|
Industrial production growth rate:
|
22% (2002 est.) |
|
Electricity - production:
|
119 million kWh (2001) |
|
Electricity - production by source:
|
fossil fuel: 65%
hydro: 35%
other: 0% (2001)
nuclear: 0% |
|
Electricity - consumption:
|
110.6 million kWh (2001) |
|
Electricity - exports:
|
0 kWh (2001) |
|
Electricity - imports:
|
0 kWh (2001) |
|
Oil - production:
|
0 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
|
Oil - consumption:
|
3,600 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
|
Agriculture - products:
|
rice, rubber, corn, vegetables, cashews,
tapioca |
|
Exports:
|
$1.616 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.) |
|
Exports - commodities:
|
Clothing, timber, rubber, rice, fish,
tobacco, footwear |
|
Exports - partners:
|
US 59.8%, Deutschland 9.2%, UK 7%, Singapore
4.4% (2002) |
|
Imports:
|
$2.124 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.) |
|
Imports - commodities:
|
petroleum products, cigarettes, gold,
construction materials, machinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products |
|
Imports - partners:
|
Thailand 22.9%, Singapur 15.7%, Hong Kong
15.1%, China 11.2%, Taiwan 8.5%, South Korea 5.1%, Vietnam 4.8% (2002) |
|
Debt - external:
|
$2.4 billion (2002 est.) |
|
Economic aid - recipient:
|
$548 million pledged in grants and
concessional loans for 2001 by international donors (actual disbursement in 2002 was about
$500 million) |
|
Currency:
|
riel (KHR) |
|
Currency code:
|
KHR |
|
Exchange rates:
|
riels per US dollar - 3,973.33 (2003),
3,912.08 (2002), 3,916.33 (2001), 3,840.75 (2000), 3,807.83 (1999) |
SOURCES: The CIA World Factbook, U.S. Department of State, Area Handbook of the US Library of Congress
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